Many women may suffer from a condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, often without realizing it. Women with PCOS typically experience irregular menstrual cycles, increased facial hair, and acne, especially in the chin, lip, and sideburn areas.

This is caused by a hormonal imbalance, and often, but not always, PCOS leads to the formation of cysts on the ovaries. While these cysts are not harmful, they contribute to hormonal imbalances that can lead to irregular or prolonged periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity. It is essential to get an early diagnosis of PCOS to prevent potential long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

The exact cause of PCOS is still unknown to doctors, but several theories point to certain risk factors:

Excess insulin: High insulin levels may affect the ovaries by increasing the production of androgens (male hormones), which may disrupt proper ovulation.

Low-grade inflammation: Research suggests that women with PCOS often experience low-grade inflammation, which leads to increased androgen production by the polycystic ovary.

Genetics: PCOS tends to run in families, so if one of your close relatives like your mother or sister has it, your chances of developing it increase.

Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome usually appear soon after a woman starts menstruating, although they may also appear later in the reproductive years. Symptoms vary between individuals and tend to worsen with obesity. Mayo Clinic and WebMD highlight the following signs:

Irregular periods: Typically characterized by cycles lasting 35 days or more, fewer than eight periods per year, long or heavy periods, and absence of menstruation for four or more months.

Excess hair on the face and body: Increased hair growth on the chin, chest, back, stomach, and even toes.

Mood swings: Depression or mood swings that may seem unusual.

Acne: PCOS can lead to acne or excessively oily skin, with deep, painful pimples.

Insulin level problems: High insulin levels interfere with healthy ovulation.

Treatment for PCOS varies from person to person. Doctors may recommend lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise to help lose weight. In addition, they may prescribe contraceptives to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen production. Due to the diverse nature of PCOS, individuals experiencing symptoms should consult their doctor for a diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.